2013; Vaquero 2008, 2011). The time consumption for refitting is usually regarded as its worst trait because it affects the productivity of a scientific environment, where quick results are expected and researchers hope for stunning results to achieve a better publication ranking, all while dealing with less and less funding and more and more competition. Archaeopress, Oxford, pp 238–263, Roebroeks W (1988) From find scatters to early hominid behaviour: a study of Middle Palaeolithic riverside settlements at Maastricht-Belvédère (The Netherlands). At the same time, if some items are lacking for refitting, and especially if it is possible to corroborate the character of the isolated items through the specificity of their morpho-technical and petrographic characteristics, we may have a transported toolkit that was produced elsewhere and introduced into the site ready to be used by the hunter-gatherers. B. The transmission of technological knowledge at the flint mine of Casa Montero (Madrid, Spain), ca. The paper by Karlin and Julien may be considered as a direct link between the 1987 Big Puzzle symposium and our 2017 workshop. Refitting has been shown to be a privileged method for dissecting archaeological palimpsests. Since the first applications of refitting studies, the spatial distribution of refits has been used to visualise and interpret the use of living spaces and to understand settlement patterns. Their analysis demonstrated a specific sequence in the configuration of these tools, suggesting a characteristic procedure in the Early Szeletian in the Moravia region. Check out using a credit card or bank account with. JSTOR®, the JSTOR logo, JPASS®, Artstor®, Reveal Digital™ and ITHAKA® are registered trademarks of ITHAKA. 2012) and the knowledge of how ancient hominins moved into the landscape, built economic strategies, and organised their social spaces at campsites (McCall 2014; Schurmans and De Bie 2007). 2006b). J Lithic Stud 3. https://doi.org/10.2218/jls.v3i2.1443, Romagnoli F, Nishiaki Y, Rivals F, Vaquero M (2018a) Time uncertainty, site formation processes, and human behaviours: new insights on old issues in High-Resolution Archaeology. Refitting allowed us to document sequences of blank removals with ArchEd software (Hundack et al., 2015), which is designed for inferring stratigraphic sequences but is also useful to record sequential relationships among refitted blanks and cores (Fig. The data published since then have shown that refitting is productive for reconstructing site formation and taphonomic processes (McCall 2010; Morrow 1996) and have enlarged its application to include bone assemblages (Hofman and Enloe 1992). Archaeologists rely on physical remains as clues to the emergence … Cela semble imputable à des raisons taphonomiques, dans une région marquée par un climat rude ainsi que par un faible développement des recherches. Furthermore, 3D visual technology can provide a useful tool for dissemination and data sharing and prevent artefacts from prolonged handling. Anthropologie LVI/1, pp 63–66, Romagnoli F, Bargalló B, Chacón MG, Gómez de Soler B, Vaquero M (2016) Testing a hypothesis about the importance of the quality of raw material on technological changes at Abric Romaní (Capellades, Spain): some considerations using a high-resolution techno-economic perspective. This was one of the main topics discussed at the workshop as it places the interpretation of refitting patterns at the centre. Arrowhead . We have a yearly production capacity of more than 5000 sets of refitting vehicles. Today, the Journals Division publishes more than 70 journals and hardcover serials, in a wide range of academic disciplines, including the social sciences, the humanities, education, the biological and medical sciences, and the physical sciences. 2010). In: Gamble CS, Boismier WA (eds) Ethnoarchaeological approaches to mobile campsites, International Monographs in Prehistory, Ethnoarchaeological series 1, Ann Arbor, pp 1–23, Gaudzinski-Windheuser S (2015) The public and private use of space in Magdalenian societies: evidence from Oelknitz 3, LOP (Thuringia, Germany). 2017). The lack of a systematic application for refitting analysis and of standardisation in the presentation of refit datasets in many cases—which are discussed below—is part of the problem in the patchy scenario that we are dealing with. J Anthropol Archaeol 48:262–280, Villa P (1982) Conjoinable pieces and site formation processes. The lithic assemblage recovered from Horizon 2 of the Twin Ditch site is the focus of an ongoing refitting study and provides the data employed in the analysis presented here. In addition, the intra-site movement of lithics indicates which types of artefacts were more likely to have been considered as useful, allowing for the concept of the tool in Palaeolithic technologies to be assessed (Clark 2019). 2016; Uthmeier 2006; Vallverdú et al. In: Hofman JL, Enloe JG (eds) Piecing together the past: applications of refitting studies in archaeology, BAR International Series 578, Oxford, pp 151–162, Leroi-Gourhan A, Brézillon M (1966) L’habitation magdalénien n. 1 de Pincevent près Montereau (Seine-et-Marne). Through technical and spatial studies, Machado and colleagues discussed Neanderthal occupational patterns in Stratigraphic Unit IV of the El Pastor rock-shelter. 2016). Even if we are condemned to be a community of outsiders, we are confident that refitting brings a type of data that no other approach can provide. Suite à un siècle d’investigations, elle tente de faire le point des connaissances à la lumière des investigations pratiquées ces dernières décennies en technologie, en tracéologie et en ethnologie d’une part, et des résultats issus d’expérimentations d’autre part. Analecta Praehistorica Leidensia 21, University of Leiden, Leiden, Romagnoli F, Vaquero M (2016) Quantitative stone tools intra-site point and orientation patterns of a Middle Palaeolithic living floor: a GIS multi-scalar spatial and temporal approach. 2015, 2017). Quat Int 417:82–93, McCall GS (2010) Refitting rate as a tool for investigating geological and behavioural aspects of site formation: theoretical and methodological considerations. It is clear that refits can be useful for different archaeological queries, as shown in this paper. It has over one thousand subscribers worldwide. Les activités refitting de déroulées du Lusben créent poussé qu'il ne peut pas être sous-estimé. the study of the buildings, graves, tools, and other objects that belonged to people who lived in the past, in order to learn about their culture and society. Which bring us to the methodological issues. Lithic Technol 35:63–71, Eriksen BV (2009) Review: fitting rocks: lithic refitting examined. From this perspective, refits provide useful information about post-depositional processes and dynamics and the definition of stratigraphic integrity (e.g. The workshop involved a novel format that included the collective analysis of archaeological and experimental materials during work sessions, allowing for a debate of in-depth questions on terminology and technology. 2018). It was founded by Leslie Spier in 1945 as the Southwestern Journal of Anthropology. All of this will most likely lead to a novel understanding of past lifeways in palaeoethnography and a better understanding of Palaeolithic adaptations and cultural diversity. For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions 2017). 1990). Nevertheless, we recognize that there are other considerations that play against refitters. 2. Copyright © 2016 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. An archaeological layer is usually approached as a single whole, while refits enable the identification of different events that make up the archaeological collection of each layer and the assessment of the temporal relationships between them. Bidirectional patterns would be more consistent with a hypothesis that the connected areas were contemporaneous, while a recycling hypothesis cannot be discarded for unidirectional patterns. Neruda and Nerudová studied refits of Szeletian leaf-points from Moravský Krumlov IV in the Czech Republic. PubMed Google Scholar. The refitting or conjoining of artifact or ecofact fragments, especially those of struck stone flakes to recreate the original core, allows definition of cumulative features, such as the lithic artifact and debitage scatters. One question that has not previously been raised concerns the size of the area from which possible refitting specimens are drawn. This issue may be especially important when recruiting new refitters among young students, who feel compelled to publish more and more papers in order to stay alive in the scientific world—you know, publish or perish. The main benefit of applying refits to intra-site spatial analysis is the possibility of dealing with the temporal relationships between domestic units. Taller and colleagues presented a technological analysis of lithic sequences in Swabian Gravettian mainly based on the Hohle Fels site. Both lithic and bone materials were shown and analysed. 2006; within the more recent papers for this chronology). Am Antiq 47:276–290, Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain, Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social (IPHES), Zona Educacional 4, Campus Sescelades URV (Edifici W3), 43007, Tarragona, Spain, Àrea de Prehistoria, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Avinguda de Catalunya 35, 43002, Tarragona, Spain, You can also search for this author in Since the 1970s, refits have been applied mainly to two fields of research: taphonomy and ‘anthropological’ studies (Larson and Ingbar 1992:151). J Archaeol Sci 33:987–998, Crema ER, Bevan A, Lake MW (2010) A probabilistic framework for assessing spatiotemporal point patterns in the archaeological record. Nowadays, the interaction between computer science, engineering, and information technology is opening up new intriguing perspectives. Comparisons can also provide for the simplification of the search for refits between different sites, integrating data from one archaeological layer within the regional dynamics of human mobility strategies and settlement patterns. J Archaeol Sci 35:3178–3185, Vaquero M (2011) New perspectives on recycling of lithic sources using refitting and spatial data. Curr Anthropol 20:661–683, Castañeda N (2018) Apprenticeship in Early Neolithic societies. De la Torre and colleagues tested the utility of refits in addressing post-depositional disturbances with an experimental approach through the experimental knapping of four quartzite cores. Gaining an understanding of assemblage and site formation processes can also be approached using bone refits (Audouze and Enloe 1997). Delpiano and colleagues used virtual 3D methods to reconstruct the reduction sequences of two multiple refits, attesting to two different volumetric conceptions. This finding underscores the critical nature of defining the analytical search radius when refits of any material are sought. It was a milestone in the standardisation and implementation of refitting studies in Palaeolithic contexts. In fact, refitting represents a certain way of doing science in which the quality and resolution of the data is privileged over the publication rate. Machado et al. 2016) and in geostatistics and point pattern modelling for developing probabilistic interpretations and references for quantitative spatial distributions. Note also the maxillary dental series in place with thin cranial bone not preserved (photo F. Audouze). Re*fit". The refitting of an active εCOOL cooling unit can be carried out easily and without problems, because the units have the same cut-out dimensions. Bar International Series 1596, Oxford, Schurmans U, Razdan A, Simon A, Marzke M, McCartney P, Van Alfen D, Jones G, Zhu M, Liu D, Bae M, Rowe J, Farin G, Collins D (2002) Advances in geometric modeling and feature extraction on pots, rocks and bones for representation and query via Internet. They used chert refits from Pincevent to identify individuals according to their skill level in knapping, evaluate the size of the group inhabiting the site, and identify, including through faunal refits, the relationships of social dependency between the Magdalenian families who lived in the different habitations. refitting definition: 1. present participle of refit 2. present participle of refit. Obviously, this study domain is strictly related to an analysis of site function and economic strategies such as curation and expediency (Vaquero and Romagnoli 2018; Vaquero et al. Finally, through refits, we are able to identify ‘ghosts’ and ‘orphans’ as evidence of processes that are extremely difficult to perceive in archaeology, such as lacking items that were there previously but were later taken away by humans. Delagnes et al. A secondary or subsequent preparation of supplies and equipment. These limitations have prevented comparisons between sites and making common use of data in new multidisciplinary studies. Partially automated refitting is not yet a reality. Published By: The University of Chicago Press, Read Online (Free) relies on page scans, which are not currently available to screen readers. Furthermore, a collective discussion on this topic may facilitate the creation of an open-access repository that could simplify further multidisciplinary and international collaborations, inspire new questions and ideas, and assist in the development of new perspectives for refitting studies. In addition, they further exploited the parts of the block of the highest quality, creating a specific variant of the Levallois production sequence to overcome the costs of raw material quality and to exploit a single resource for knapping methods with a high and low degree of control on final products (Romagnoli et al. patina or thermal alterations) or because of a low diversity in the macroscopic aspects of the exploited rocks (e.g. Bulletin de liaison et d’information, Association des archéologues. 5 and Appendix B). 2 : theology dealing with the origin, nature, and destiny of human beings. The refitting of lithic artefacts has a long tradition in Palaeolithic archaeology, having been used in stone tool studies since the 1880s (Smith 1894; Spurrell 1880).Until the late 1960s, this method, which consists of finding the joints between stone elements extracted from the same block, much like a 3D jigsaw puzzle, was only discontinuously and occasionally applied. n. 1. Analyst experience can also contribute to variations in refit rates. The results are discussed in the frame of human mobility and land-use patterns in the Ach Valley where inter-site refits have been identified. Low refit rates may be due to damage or alterations in artefacts (e.g. Looking at the technological studies, refits have been used to reconstruct stone tool production processes and transport. 2010). Spagnolo et al. Archaeology or archeology is the study of human activity through the recovery and analysis of material culture. If refitted blocks can rebuild almost a complete initial volume but some items are systematically lacking (and especially if the technological analysis identifies them as ‘primary’ products strictly related with the knapping method being applied), we are seeing ‘export events’. We enlisted 13 archaeology graduate students or professional archaeologists to assist with the task; these included Laughlin and another experienced refitter. The study of the intra-site spatial distribution of refitted elements and the distance and direction of refitting lines combined with a taphonomic analysis of post-depositional agents allows for the identification of the anthropic redistribution of produced tools between different domestic units at a site. For example, if we identify a knapping area, which we call ‘area A’, it must be characterised by the presence of a refit composed of cortical flakes (related to the first phase of production) and the occurrence of debris, fragments, and flakes of variable dimensions made of a lithic resource with the same macroscopic characteristics as the refitted elements. 2006a; López-Ortega et al. Effective methods for the dissection of such developed palimpsests are still lacking. 2012). Francesca Romagnoli or Manuel Vaquero. Int J Osteoarchaeol 25:653–664, Odell G (1981) The morphological express at function junction: searching for meaning in lithic tool types. Despite the huge amount of data that has been processed over the last 30 years, available datasets are so diverse and, in many cases, published with such patchy information that they are not useful for comparisons between sites. Quartär 58:113–130, Vaquero M, Romagnoli F (2018) Searching for lazy people: the significance of expedient behavior in the interpretation of Paleolithic assemblages. We agree that our effort must be focused on the reconstruction of behavioural trends and processes in a global scenario and over a long period of time as these are the specific characteristics of archaeology. In: Hofman JL, Enloe JG (eds) Piecing together the past: applications of refitting studies in archaeology. Artifacts and other archaeological objects with an unknown provenience provide very little information for learning about the past. Springer, Berlin, pp 345–373, O'Brien M (2015) Evaluating the contemporaneity of households at the Eden-Farson site. Le Gravettien et le Protomagdalénien ne sont connus en Auvergne que sur deux ou trois sites, ce qui est fort peu à l’échelle d’une région qui couvre plus de 26 000 km². Since many years have passed since the Monrepos symposium, we believed that is was time to evaluate whether the expectations raised 30 years ago had since been met. The students were not compensated for their time. This implies that analyses of the intra-site spatial distribution of refitted items, the direction and movement of their connection lines, the number of technical events in each area, and the archaeological categories associated with the items make it possible to identify recycling and discuss the capacity for planning of past communities. Alternatively, area A needs the presence of several flakes, at least partially refitted, related to a single block of raw material. Archaeologists have refitted or conjoined fragments of lithic and ceramic artifacts and bones for more than a century. Provenience of … These studies have indicated that the human decisions made during knapping processes were not rigidly determined by unchangeable mental templates, but rather, the search for a specific tool morphology or functional edge led to the interlocking of different technical options to adapt to raw material constraints, respond to different risks, or meet to a lack of specific skills. Furthermore, the identification of single events through bone refits has increased the knowledge of Neanderthal foraging strategies on a short scale, showing the link between the consumption of large mammals and other resources (Gabucio et al. Academic, New York, Bodu P, Karlin C, Ploux S (1990) Who’s who? Also known as zooarchaeology. Bar International Series 1596, Oxford, pp 7–23, Schurmans U, De Bie M (2007) Fitting rocks. In: Gaudzinski-Windheuser S, Jöris O, Sensburg M, Street M, Turner E (eds) Site-internal spatial organization of hunter-gatherer societies: case studies from the European Palaeolithic and Mesolithic. In spite of the latest methodological advances, refitting continues to be a time-consuming activity. They result from several diachronic and independent import, production, use, export, and discard events (Bailey 2007). In this paper, we briefly present the main topics that received new motivation through the application of refitting analysis and introduce the papers collected in this volume, which represent the latest, multidisciplinary applications of refits in current Palaeolithic archaeology. In this volume, the current works-in-progress in behavioural studies investigating new and old paths in refitting analysis have been collected. Furthermore, the perception of short-scale events enables the specification of varied phenomena and the taking into account of social dynamics and isolated behaviours that were not related in time. Likewise, we can link different areas according to the long-distance bone refits related to the same anatomical portion of an animal. 2015) and the more general and complex topic of mobility in archaeology (Close 2000; Baena Preysler et al. The technique allow may allow reconstruction … a lack of diversity in colour or an absence of geodes and laminations that can guide the finding of the jointed pieces of a 3D puzzle). Archaeology definition is - the scientific study of material remains (such as tools, pottery, jewelry, stone walls, and monuments) of past human life and activities. Looking at specific individual constraints, refits have permitted the identification of human laterality in Middle Palaeolithic contexts (Bargalló et al. Other contributions show the potential of refits for a better understanding of the technological variability in different Palaeolithic periods. Comparisons are the first step for building a frame of reference for jumping from single case studies to general behaviours and trends, both in a specific chrono-cultural context and along a diachronic time interval. Google Scholar, Bachellerie F, Bordes J-G, Morala A, Pelegrin J (2007) Étude typo-technologique et spatiale de remontages lithiques de Canaule II, site châtelperronien de plein-air en Bergeracois (Creysse, Dordogne). A possibility for the improvement of this path is to invest in computers and technology for fieldwork techniques (Martínez-Moreno et al. Am Antiq 43:330–361, Binford LR (1978b) Nunamiut Ethnoarchaeology. In the Paris Basin, the nature of the residential camp at Pincevent was determined by the highly social relationships between the different huts, and these relationships were identified through bone refits demonstrating systematic food sharing between different domestic units. The Magdalenian flintknappers of Pincevent (France). Quat Int 435:144–163, Ploux S (1989) Approche archéologique de la variabilité des comportements techniques individuels: l’exeple de quelques tailleurs Magdaléniens à Pincevent. Archaeol Anthropol Sci 9:1715–1743, Martínez-Moreno J, Mora Torcal R, Roy Sunyer M, Benito-Calvo A (2016) From site formation processes to human behaviour: towards a constructive approach to depict palimpsests in Roca dels Bous. For example, the intentional displacement of artefacts within a site demonstrates the economic strategies of the human group. J Archaeol Method Theory 7:47–77, Cooper JR, Qiu F (2006) Expediting and standardizing stone artifact refitting using a computerized suitability model. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences Définition, traduction, prononciation, anagramme et synonyme sur le dictionnaire libre Wiktionnaire. For example, it is possible to identify the life history of a tool from the finding of its raw material to its abandonment as a used item.
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