[11][12] This aspect of the story seems to be corroborated by archaeology: large numbers of defaced coins (smashed with a large chisel stamp) have been discovered at Sinope dating from the middle of the 4th century BC, and other coins of the time bear the name of Hicesias as the official who minted them. Furthermore, the Cynics claim that such a life is the life worth living. Email: japiering@ualr.edu He begged for a living and often slept in a large ceramic jar, or pithos, in the marketplace. Greek Philosopher: Diogenes The celebrated Greek cynic philosopher who is said to have lived in a tub, wearing the coarsest clothing and living on the plainest food. [11] The coins were deliberately defaced in order to render them worthless as legal tender. [1] After being exiled, he moved to Athens and criticized many cultural conventions of the city. The ideas of Diogenes, like those of most other Cynics, must be arrived at indirectly. Both in ancient and in modern times, Diogenes' personality has appealed strongly to sculptors and to painters. Greek philosopher and one of the founders of Cynic philosophy; one of his writings have survived, though numerous anecdotes about him are preserved by ancient writers. In The Adventures of Nero album Het Zeespook (1948) Nero meets a character who claims to be Diogenes. [66], The many allusions to dogs in Shakespeare's Timon of Athens are references to the school of Cynicism that could be interpreted as suggesting a parallel between the misanthropic hermit, Timon, and Diogenes; but Shakespeare would have had access to Michel de Montaigne's essay, "Of Democritus and Heraclitus", which emphasised their differences: Timon actively wishes men ill and shuns them as dangerous, whereas Diogenes esteems them so little that contact with them could not disturb him. In this course Foucault tries to establish an alternative conception of militancy and revolution through a reading of Diogenes and Cynicism.[58]. The term "cynic" itself derives from the Greek word κυνικός, kynikos, "dog-like" and that from κύων, kyôn, "dog" (genitive: kynos). [67] "Timonism" is in fact often contrasted with "Cynicism": "Cynics saw what people could be and were angered by what they had become; Timonists felt humans were hopelessly stupid & uncaring by nature and so saw no hope for change. There are many stories about what actually happened to him after his time with Xeniades's two sons. With characteristic humor, Diogenes dismissed his ill fortune by saying, "If Manes can live without Diogenes, why not Diogenes without Manes? Diogenes had nothing but disdain for Plato and his abstract philosophy. Though originally from Sinope, the majority of the stories comprising his philosophical biography occur in Athens, and some of the most celebrated of these place Alexander the Great or Plato as his foil.It is disputed whether Diogenes left anything in writing. Diogenes having nothing to do—of course no one thought of giving him a job—was moved by the sight to gather up his philosopher's cloak and begin rolling his tub-dwelling energetically up and down the Craneum; an acquaintance asked, and got, the explanation: "I do not want to be thought the only idler in such a busy multitude; I am rolling my tub to be like the rest. For the Cynics, life in accord with reason is lived in accord with nature, and therefore life in accord with reason is greater than the bounds of convention and the polis. "[30] He is even said to have lectured to large audiences at the Isthmian Games.[31]. He found the figure of a master who could do nothing for himself contemptibly helpless. In addition to these virtues, dogs are thought to know instinctively who is friend and who is foe. It is not known whether Diogenes was insulted with the epithet "doggish" and made a virtue of it, or whether he first took up the dog theme himself. R & Howard J., Blakewell Publishing, 2003. Along with Antisthenes and Crates of Thebes, Diogenes is considered one of the founders of Cynicism. The stories told of Diogenes illustrate the logical consistency of his character. Diogenes of Sinope - "The philosopher Diogenes was eating bread and lentils for supper. When Plato is asked what sort of man Diogenes is, he responds, “A Socrates gone mad” (Diogenes Laertius, Book 6, Chapter 54). He was a citizen of Sinope who either fled or was exiled because of a problem involving the defacing of currency. Diogenes scolds Hegesias after he asks to be lent one of Diogenes’ writing tablets: “You are a simpleton, Hegesias; you do not choose painted figs, but real ones; and yet you pass over the true training and would apply yourself to written rules” (Diogenes Laertius, Lives of Eminent Philosophers, Book 6, Chapter 48). diogenedesinope.bandcamp.com. Diogenes of Sinope. Two scenes in the comic depict famous anecdotes of Diogenes' life, namely the moment when he was looking for a human and the moment when he asked Alexander to get out of his sun. At some point (the exact date is unknown), Hicesias and Diogenes became involved in a scandal involving the adulteration or debasement of the currency,[10] and Diogenes was exiled from the city and lost his citizenship and all his material possessions. Diogenes Laertius reports that Diogenes of Sinope “fell in” with Antisthenes who, though not in the habit of taking students, was worn out by Diogenes’ persistence (Lives of Eminent Philosophers, Book 6, Chapter 22). ", ancient Greek Cynic philosopher from Sinope. There are many tales about his dogging Antisthenes' footsteps and becoming his "faithful hound". [39] Cynic ideas are inseparable from Cynic practice; therefore what we know about Diogenes is contained in anecdotes concerning his life and sayings attributed to him in a number of scattered classical sources. Interlude 2. Diogenes is a harsh critic of Plato, regularly disparaging Plato’s metaphysical pursuits and thereby signaling a clear break from primarily theoretical ethics. The interview between Diogenes and Alexander is represented in an ancient marble bas-relief found in the Villa Albani. [64] [25], According to Diogenes Laërtius, when Plato gave the tongue-in-cheek[26] definition of man as "featherless bipeds," Diogenes plucked a chicken and brought it into Plato's Academy, saying, "Behold! [59] The disorder afflicts the elderly and is quite inappropriately named, as Diogenes deliberately rejected common standards of material comfort, and was anything but a hoarder. The story of Diogenes and the lamp is referenced by the character Foma Fomitch in Fyodor Dostoevsky's "The Friend of the Family" as well as "The Idiot". "If I were not Diogenes, I would still wish to be Diogenes," Diogenes replied. When asked why he was called a dog he replied, "I fawn on those who give me anything, I yelp at those who refuse, and I set my teeth in rascals. Although most of the stories about his living in a jar[4] are located in Athens, there are some accounts of his living in a jar near the Craneum gymnasium in Corinth: A report that Philip was marching on the town had thrown all Corinth into a bustle; one was furbishing his arms, another wheeling stones, a third patching the wall, a fourth strengthening a battlement, every one making himself useful somehow or other. Diogenes explained, "I am searching for the bones of your father but cannot distinguish them from those of a slave. DIÓGENES de Sinope (412 - 323 a.C.) The most illustrious of the Cynic philosophers, Diogenes of Sinope serves as the template for the Cynic sage in antiquity. 6"; William Blake's The Marriage of Heaven and Hell; François Rabelais' Gargantua and Pantagruel; Goethe's poem Genialisch Treiben; Denis Diderot's philosophical novella Rameau's Nephew; as well as in the first sentence of Søren Kierkegaard's novelistic treatise Repetition. Goulet-Cazé, Marie-Odile and Richard Goulet, eds. He was attracted by the ascetic teaching of Antisthenes, a student of Socrates. Diogenes' name has been applied to a behavioural disorder characterised by apparently involuntary self-neglect and hoarding. In reconstructing Diogenes’ ethical model, then, the life he lived is as much his philosophical work as any texts he may have composed. [60] The name itself is also often criticised as Diogenes believed he was helping himself. "[40] Although Socrates had previously identified himself as belonging to the world, rather than a city,[41] Diogenes is credited with the first known use of the word "cosmopolitan". The exceptional nature of Diogenes’ life generates some difficulty for determining the exact events that comprise it. He is mimicked by a beggar-spy in Jacqueline Carey's Kushiel's Scion and paid tribute to with a costume in a party by the main character in its sequel, Kushiel's Justice. He used his simple lifestyle and behavior to criticize the social values and institutions of what he saw as a corrupt, confused society. The details of the defacing, though, are murkier: “Diocles relates that [Diogenes] went into exile because his father was entrusted with the money of the state and adulterated the coinage. Facebook is showing information to help you better understand the purpose … He argued that instead of being troubled about the true nature of evil, people merely rely on customary interpretations. 30 quotes from Diogenes of Sinope: 'It is not that I am mad, it is only that my head is different from yours. The most popular relate it as evidence of Diogenes' disregard for honor, wealth, and respect. The second reason is that the dog is a shameless animal, and they make a cult of shamelessness, not as being beneath modesty, but as superior to it. [13] During this time there was much counterfeit money circulating in Sinope. Diogène de Sinope, principal représentant du cynisme ancien, affirme dans une de ses œuvres qu’« il mettait la liberté au-dessus de tout ». This understanding, though, overlooks the centrality of reason in Diogenes’ practice. No writings of Diogenes survive even though he is reported to have authored over ten books, a volume of letters and seven tragedies. Later Cynics also sought to turn the word to their advantage, as a later commentator explained: There are four reasons why the Cynics are so named. Diogène de Sinope, également appelé Diogène le Cynique, est un philosophe grec et le plus célèbre représentant de l'école cynique. Plutarch and Diogenes Laërtius report that Alexander and Diogenes died on the same day, in 323 BC. Specifically, though, it stems from a repositioning of convention below nature and reason. Diogène de Sinope, en grec ancien Διογένης / Diogénês (Sinope v. 413 – Corinthe, v. 327 av. Diogène de Sinope, en grec ancien Διογένης / Diogénês, également appelé Diogène le Cynique, est un philosophe grec de l'Antiquité et le plus célèbre représentant de l'école cynique (Sinope v. 413 – … He then exclaimed: "Fool that I am, to have been carrying superfluous baggage all this time! Diogene_of_Sinope 1 point 2 points 3 points 1 year ago Personnellement à la JAPD c'est plus un atelier démonstration qu'une véritable formation, même si on te donne un "diplôme" à la fin. Diogenes also features in Part Four of Elizabeth Smart's By Grand Central Station I Sat Down and Wept. Alexander's meeting with Diogenes is portrayed in Valerio Manfredi's (Alexander Trilogy) "The Ends of the Earth". În anul 412 î.Hr., în oraşul Sinope din Grecia antică, se năştea un băiat pe nume Diogene. Il n’est pas question ici du sens politique de la liberté, mais plutôt de son acception morale et individuelle, dont les origines remontent au moins au VIe s. av. In the Rodgers and Hart musical The Boys from Syracuse (1938), the song Oh Diogenes!—which extols the philosopher's virtues—contains the lyrics "there was an old zany/ who lived in a tub;/ he had so many flea-bites / he didn't know where to rub. Diogenes has also been the subject of sculptures, with famous bas-relief images by Puget and Pajou. Diogène de Sinope, en grec ancien Διογένης ὁ Σινωπεύς / Diogénês ho Sinopeús, également appelé Diogène le cynique, est un philosophe grec de l'Antiquité et le plus célèbre représentant de l'école cynique . He elsewhere disputes Platonic definitions and from this comes one of his more memorable actions: “Plato had defined the human being as an animal, biped and featherless, and was applauded. - 322 î.Hr. Dióxenes de Sínope [Cómpre referencia], en grego antigo, "Διογένης ὁ Σινωπεύς" Diogénes ho Sinopéus, nado c. 413 a.C. en Sinop, hoxe en Turquía e finado c. 323 a.C. en Corinto), foi un filósofo grego e se cadra o maior representante do Cinismo, escola filosófica fundada por Antístenes de Atenas, que fora discípulo de Sócrates e mestre de Dióxenes. He declared himself a cosmopolitan and a citizen of the world rather than claiming allegiance to just one place. Many versions of it exist. He modelled himself on the example of Heracles, and believed that virtue was better revealed in action than in theory. The Corinthians erected to his memory a pillar on which rested a dog of Parian marble.[38]. The most scandalous of these sorts of activities involves his indecent behavior in the marketplace, to which he responded “he wished it were as easy to relieve hunger by rubbing an empty stomach” (Diogenes Laertius, Lives of Eminent Philosophers, Book 6, Chapter 46). University of Arkansas at Little Rock According to one story,[12] Diogenes went to the Oracle at Delphi to ask for her advice and was told that he should "deface the currency". He was born in Sinope, an Ionian colony on the Black Sea coast of modern-day Turkey,[1] in 412 or 404 BC and died at Corinth in 323 BC. ', and 'Of what use is a philosopher who doesn't hurt anybody's feelings?' Some of the most amusing anecdotes are those relating his continual feud with Plato whom he … He is credited by some with originating the Cynic way of life, but he himself acknowledges an indebtedness to Antisthenes, by whose numerous writings he was probably influenced. Diogenes gives his own life and opinions in Christoph Martin Wieland's novel Socrates Mainomenos (1770; English translation Socrates Out of His Senses, 1771). This would, however, be a mistake. No writings of Diogenes survive but there are some details of his life from anecdotes (chreia), especially from Diogenes Laërtius' book Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers and some other sources.[8]. There he passed his philosophy of Cynicism to Crates, who taught it to Zeno of Citium, who fashioned it into the school of Stoicism, one of the most enduring schools of Greek philosophy. Diogenes plucked a fowl and brought it into the lecture-room with the words, ‘Here is Plato’s human being.’ In consequence of which there was added to the definition, ‘having broad nails’” (Diogenes Laertius, Lives of Eminent Philosophers, Book 6, Chapter 40). Diogenes is clearly contentious, but he is so for the sake of promoting reason and virtue. He traveled to Athens and made it his life's goal to challenge established customs and values. His father minted coins for a living, and Diogenes was banished from Sinope when he took to debasement of currency. Many of his sayings have been preseved, … A second version tells of Diogenes traveling to Delphi and receiving this same oracle after he had already altered the currency, turning his crime into a calling. Diogenes maintained that all the artificial growths of society were incompatible with happiness and that morality implies a return to the simplicity of nature. Philosophical Practice: A Socrates Gone Mad. He is a figure in Seamus Heaney's The Haw Lantern. When Diogenes asked Antisthenes to mentor him, Antisthenes ignored him and reportedly "eventually beat him off with his staff". Thanks to numismatic evidence, the adulteration of Sinopean coinage is one event about which there is certainty. But Eubulides in his book on Diogenes says that Diogenes himself did this and was forced to leave home along with his father” (Diogenes Laertius, Lives of Eminent Philosophers, Book 6, Chapter 20). Here Foucault discusses Diogenes' antics in relation to the speaking of truth (parrhesia) in the ancient world. In Christopher Moore's Lamb: The Gospel According to Biff, Christ's Childhood Pal, one of Jesus' apostles is a devotee of Diogenes, complete with his own pack of dogs which he refers to as his own disciples. "[22][23] It was contrary to Athenian customs to eat within the marketplace, and still he would eat there, for, as he explained when rebuked, it was during the time he was in the marketplace that he felt hungry. Given the embellished feel of each of these reports, it is more likely that he died of old age. For Diogenes, each individual should either allow reason to guide her conduct, or, like an animal, she will need to be lead by a leash; reason guides one away from mistakes and toward the best way in which to live life. [36] When asked how he wished to be buried, he left instructions to be thrown outside the city wall so wild animals could feast on his body. Tout le monde est sensé pratiquer mais c'est tellement bien organisé que j'ai pu grugé et avoir quand même mon bout de … Diogenes arrived in Athens with a slave named Manes who escaped from him shortly thereafter. Another important, though possibly invented, episode in Diogenes’ life centers around his enslavement in Corinth after having been captured by pirates. He used to stroll about in full daylight with a lamp; when asked what he was doing, he would answer, "I am looking for a human. Crumbling 3. For if you go along with your middle finger stretched out, some one will think you mad, but, if it’s the little finger, he will not think so” (Diogenes Laertius, Lives of Eminent Philosophers, Book 6, Chapter 35). Plato once described Diogenes as "a Socrates gone mad. Besides performing natural body functions in public with ease, a dog will eat anything, and make no fuss about where to sleep. Diogenes is said to have eaten in the marketplace,[47] urinated on some people who insulted him,[48] defecated in the theatre,[49] and masturbated in public. The possible cause of death includes a voluntary demise by holding his breath, an illness brought on by eating raw octopus, or death by dog bite. Once in Athens, Diogenes famously took a tub, or a pithos, for an abode. Being asked his trade, he replied that he knew no trade but that of governing men, and that he wished to be sold to a man who needed a master. Apparently Diogenes discovered that he had no need for conventional shelter or any other “dainties” from having watched a mouse. Among artists who have painted the famous encounter of Diogenes with Alexander, there are works by de Crayer, de Vos, Assereto, Langetti, Sevin, Sebastiano Ricci, Gandolfi, Johann Christian Thomas Wink [de], Abildgaard, Monsiau, Martin, and Daumier. Much of what is known about his life in Athens and Corinth comes from the work The Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers by Diogenes Laertius (3rd century CE). "[1] Diogenes became Antisthenes' pupil, despite the brutality with which he was initially received. If he did, the texts he composed have since been lost. This distinction between nature ("physis") and custom ("nomos") is a favourite theme of ancient Greek philosophy, and one that Plato takes up in The Republic, in the legend of the Ring of Gyges.[14]. When asked if he minded this, he said, "Not at all, as long as you provide me with a stick to chase the creatures away!" The meeting of Diogenes of Sinope and Alexander the Great is one of the most discussed anecdotes from philosophical history. Diogenes’ talent for undercutting social and religious conventions and subverting political power can tempt readers into viewing his position as merely negative. Thanks to numismatic evidence, the adulteration of Sinopean coinage is one event about which there is certainty. [5][6][7] In another account of the conversation, Alexander found the philosopher looking attentively at a pile of human bones. a fost un filosof grec din școala cinică, născut la Sinope. 1 talking about this. [45] Diogenes shared Socrates's belief that he could function as doctor to men's souls and improve them morally, while at the same time holding contempt for their obtuseness.
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