https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0193765.g004. We had an average precision of 0.70 (±0.08) in the 10 iterations stratified shuffle-split cross validation. [5] Yet its largest application is as a transparent, conductive polymer with high ductility. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0193765.g006. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0193765.g003. Another point to notice is that, once again, the outlets without a clear perceived bias, consistently show the most significant shift in favor of the ruling side. b. This means that most people in Chile are aware of the discussion and probably have their own opinions. We think that a way to counteract this environmental/circumstantial effect is to substitute the respective questions or to increase the number of questions. Twitter “texts” are concise, the interface much richer than scraping (we, for example, don’t “miss” tweets, and get much more metadata from Twitter (timestamps, number of retweets, likes, etc.) Institute for Computing and Information Sciences, Radboud Universiteit, Nijmegen, Netherlands. This model is based on the usage of weighted words. This way, they can propagate the labels from tagged users and tagged items to the rest of the graph. inability to pronounce the sound 's' parasitaster: a mean or sorry parasite parasiticide: killing of parasites parastatal: indirectly controlled by the state parastatic: of, like or pertaining to protective mimicry of animals parasuicide: harmful act appearing to be an attempt at suicide parasynesis: corruption of forms of words parasynthesis We took care to not include duplicate tweets (tweets with the exact same text) published by the same outlet. No, Is the Subject Area "Democracy" applicable to this article? As many others, we use Twitter as our source documents to study news [3, 28, 29]. These summaries are expected to be representative of the newspaper’s bias [34, 35], but with the advantage that bias is easier to detect than in a full articles (shorter, to the point), given the heterogeneity of sites (not all provide RSSs and we would have to rely on scraping and more sophisticated natural language processing tools, to detect topics, sponsored news, etc.). The conductivity of PEDOT:PSS can also be significantly improved by a post-treatment with various compounds, such as ethylene glycol, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), salts, zwitterions, cosolvents, acids, alcohols, phenol, geminal diols and amphiphilic fluoro-compounds. Una vez que tenemos esto en mente recuerda, todos los verbos en presente simple añaden una “-s” al final del verbo en su forma de infinitivo. Bias in the media is a global phenomenon, not exclusive to one kind of economy or particular political system. The Media Capture model [48] also presents the government as an important factor on the news selection and publishing process. 1. In our study, we assume that news outlets are (or strive to be) unbiased, so in an ideal world, most of their comments should have no polarity toward any side of the issue and, as such, they should score as a Maybe. Despite the alleged bias, we have shown that the quiz can differentiate outlets with opposite points of view in both dimensions and also that the automatic classification is in accordance with the widespread perception of the tendency displayed by the main outlets. Download. 63130228). This assumption is suggested by the absolute positions as shown in Fig 1 and supported by some models concerned with the political-economy of the mass media. The vast amount of content published in social media enables us to quantify the inclination of the press to pre-defined sides of the socio-political spectrum. In summary, the results indicate that the political orientation of the media in Chile is in line with and follows the political orientation of the government. We normalized the scores on each axis in the range [0, 100]. A shift > 0 (yellow bars) means more liberal. Erick Elejalde, The weight of the bi-grams is the average of the weight of their composing words. A History of the English Language by Albert C.Baugh and Thom. These are complemented by works like J. We also decided to use bi-grams over named entities because people not always recognize all the names involved in the discussion, although they do have an intuition in the discourse and the arguments used on both sides. It conveys the main idea, and hence arguably the main editorial point of view. In this work we are interested in the behaviour and bias displayed by each different outlet in the media landscape, regardless of the size. This phenomenon was first identified in a 1977 study at Villanova University and Temple University. So, in this case, the observed leaning of the media has a similar tendency to the political alignment of the ruling coalition. This means that news outlets tend to have a stand in at least some of the controversial topics that dominate the political landscape of the country. In short, we use what the media say on Twitter to position them in a Cartesian plane that tells us more about their orientation based on Fritz’ quiz. Healthy vaginal pH levels range from 3.5 to 4.5, but your “normal” can change with time and age. Since Wikipedia pages are crowdsourced content, we consider the political alignment extracted from there as either self-declared or a popular perception. If, for example, a newspaper claims to be objective, but is in fact “right-wing, conservative” (as is the case with El Mercurio in Chile [7]), people should be able to recognize this and take this bias into account when reading its content. For an in-depth survey on the political economy of the mass media see also [49]. If organic compounds, including high boiling solvents like methylpyrrolidone, dimethyl sulfoxide, sorbitol, ionic liquids and surfactants, are added conductivity increases by many orders of magnitude. Funding acquisition, We help answer this question in the next section. In previous work [6], we showed several types of bias in media coverage of ongoing news stories on crises in the world. Second, one of the strongest component in this coalition is the Christian Democratic Party. The third one (pinguinodiario) is a mid-size daily local newspaper headquartered in Punta Arenas, in the south of Chile. ing, says (sĕz) v.tr. With these sets of labels they identify strong partisans (anchors) that have a clear lean to one side. We apply the same methodology described before to the original PolQuiz. This is because the newspapers owned by El Mercurio stayed more or less in the same position while most of the others move from being right to El Mercurio’s to being left of their position (notice in Fig 5 that mercuriovalpo is at the left of the group). Since “coverage” is a form of bias [4], perhaps the outlet is not being neutral by not mentioning a specific subject. Verbos Afirmativos en Presente Simple. It relies not only on linguistic information, but also on the actual geo-socio-economic, and even historical, context of the newspaper. This final score of the outlet oi is found using the Eq 2. It does, obviously, impact the polarity of attitudes towards those topics, but that is what we explore in these pages. Interestingly, within the top 10 we also find the outlets tagged as International, publimetrochile and adnradiochile, which means that they behave similarly to liberal outlets under the left-liberal government in office in 2016. This way, if the quiz taker agrees with all the issues in one dimension, it will be in one end of that axis. Being real means we only use 53 ingredients you can pronounce And the only ingredient that is hard to pronounce at Chipotle is “Chipotle.” (It’s Chih-poat-lay, by the way) Discover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high-quality journal. 63130228. Having the set of tweets for each question, we classified their polarity with respect to the corresponding question. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Two of them (tele13_radio and t13) are owned by Chile’s Grupo Luksic (one of the richest families in Chile and Latin America). The blue dot shows the average for relative positions. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0193765.g008. These new position are much more inline with how people think of the leaning of these outlets. we can reject the null hypothesis of independence), but there are quite a few inversions in the relative order. Methodology, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0193765.g002. Most of the others outlets show the expected behavior, with conservative in the lower half of the ranking (i.e. The PolQuiz showed the existence of bias in Chilean media. Yes The first one is owned by Metro International, a Swedish global media company based in Luxembourg that publishes the Metro newspapers in many big cities around the world. As expected, outlets tagged as independent, libertarian and classical-liberal have higher scores (top 10 in the 26ers). They first use tags that represent each side (e.g. Find more rhyming words at wordhippo.com! If needed, use your fingers to … [6][7][8][9][10] This makes it also suitable as a transparent electrode, for example in touchscreens, organic light-emitting diodes,[11] flexible organic solar cells[12][13] and electronic paper to replace the traditionally used indium tin oxide (ITO). This behavior makes it a biased source of information, but a good point of reference to validate our model. Some works do not try to identify bias directly, but instead try to identify and track events in order to present different points of view of the same affair to the readers in order to counteract these possible bias [13]. This score is due to a series of populist reforms promoted by the government during the observed period (i.e. This makes intuitively sense: their consolidated control of the market gives them more independence, and it makes them less susceptible to the government influence. It is important to emphasize here that “bias” is not categorical, but comes embedded in a geopolitical news context determined by other outlets in the region [8]. Within this landscape, relative differences in biases can be observed, which are in line with public perception—as captured by tendencies reported in Wikipedia. This topic appears among the personal issues in other political quizzes (e.g., The Political Compass [38]) In addition, abortion was a very relevant and controversial topic in the Chilean media during this period because of a new bill presented by the president and approved by the Chamber of Deputies to legalize the abortion on three grounds: pregnancy resulting from rape, lethal fetal infeasibility or danger to the life of the pregnant women. La actuación es la acción que realiza el actor al momento de interpretar su papel. On the other side, statists—or supporters of a big government—want the state to regulate both personal and economic issues. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0193765.t001. *Original Content, if reproduce, please indicate the … The direction of the movements is more divided and seems to emphasize the known position of the outlets. This data set contains only tweet published by these outlets (no retweets are included). In this section, we first show how the PolQuiz helps to measure the bias in the media. For determining the sentiment of words and bi-grams we use the Spanish lexicon from [53]. Data Availability: All tweet IDs are made available at https://github.com/eelejalde/PolQuiz, together with the information collected for the news outlets. As the number of tweets is too large to label manually, we created and trained a supervised model for each question. Libertarians seek freedom in both economic and personal issues, minimizing the role of the state in all matters. This substitution increased the number of news outlets with at least one answer. The 26ers account for the 45% of the tweets relevant to the subjects in the PolQuiz. For individuals as well as for society as a whole it is important to recognize and understand media bias that are shaped through underlying general political or socio-economic orientations. To understand the results, a few preliminaries about the Chilean context is in order. poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) is a polymer mixture of two ionomers. We selected two random documents for each news outlets to create a training set containing 409 tweets. e0193765. Click through the PLOS taxonomy to find articles in your field. The quiz is based on the one proposed by David Nolan Chart in 1971 [11], which in turn can be traced back to a 2D chart proposed in 1968 [12], representing variations in political and socio-economic orientation. No, Is the Subject Area "Chile (country)" applicable to this article? They design a propagation method that, starting with a few labeled items and users, creates a graph representing the connections between users and items or even users with other users. A tweet from a media outlet is a man-made summary of the news, usually in the form of a headline. DERECHO Resolución de un juez o tribunal en un juicio, o proceso la sentencia del juez fue muy criticada por la opinión pública y los medios de comunicación. The solid red dot shows the average position for the 26ers. We named this question q0 and the query we applied (before injecting the hash-tags) is shown in Table 3. In turn, the PolQuiz results motivate a deeper investigation into the nature of the found bias, which we study through the vocabulary used and entities covered by the news outlets. This newspaper’s editorial policy seems to move (in both dimensions) to accommodate the current government. In this paper, we presented an automatic approach for estimating the political bias of news outlets in Chile, exploiting the well-known and widely used “The World’s Smallest Political Quiz”. Notice that there is a tendency towards the left with the arrival of the left-wing government. The case of Chile makes a good example because being only four years apart makes it harder to attribute these noticeable differences to other factors (such as a very different staff, ownership or editorial policy). Similarly, in [14], the authors estimate the bias in newspapers according to how similar the language is to that used by congressmen for which a right/left stand is known. On the other hand, the personal dimension, although it is also leaning to one side, is much closer to the center of the spectrum (M = 46.89, 95% CI [43.99, 49.79]). For simplicity, in the question/news-outlet pairs for which we have no associated documents, we assume a Maybe (or don’t know) answer. Yes Each time, we measure the average score of the news outlets for which we were able to answer at least one question in the corresponding dimension. They found that one of the identified dimensions roughly aligns with the traditional left(liberal)-right(conservative) political classification and the other with a mainstream/independent one. This is because of lack of interest or too few relevant events related to the corresponding topics during the observed period. Examples of this position would be totalitarian regimes, such as Kim Jong-Un in North Korea. Notice that this tendency also coincides with the “liberal media” label that is frequently used, implying a popularly perceived Left-liberal leaning in the majority of the outlets [44]. Dry PEDOT:PSS pellets can be produced with a freeze drying method which are redispersable in water and different solvents, for example ethanol to increase drying speed during printing. The user had to answer if, based on these lists, he or she considered the outlet to be “in favor” or “against” abortion. Each time we leave out 5% of the tweets, selected at random while maintaining the original distribution of documents per question. We weighted each word with its mean valence (we assigned the neutral value 5 for words not present in the dictionary). Ricardo's coworker is a piece of garbage; she always calls him out in front of their boss. Special PEDOT:PSS inks and formulations were developed for different coating and printing processes. PLoS ONE 13(3): Each fold leaves out 20% for validation. Yes The value of our methodology and study here is to position those media outlets that do not state their socio-economic bias, or are not even aware of their bias. Pepsi vs. Coca Cola, Hertz vs. Avis or McDonalds vs. BurgerKing). Both approaches would result in the news outlet being in the center of the graph. There is also a group labeled as Libertarian. In the latter case, they could use terms such as “repression of insurgency”. The instrument we use here, “The World’s Smallest Political Quiz” (PolQuiz), follows this tradition. As we mentioned before, our dataset is derived from a special type of users (news outlets Twitter accounts), and this method may not apply directly. Out of the 399 active accounts, only 269 outlets published at least one document about the topics of interest. In order to find out how sensitive the observed bias is to noise, we repeated the scoring steps 20 times. This behavior might be due to the main topics being discussed (e.g., tax reforms vs. free high education), but ultimately this indicates that in a way or another the government is playing its role and it is dominating the discourse that prevails in the media. Media bias is usually found in the editorial policies that ultimately decide which stories are worth publishing and which amount and angle of coverage they get [4, 13, 19]. There are well known examples of the press even toppling governments: the Washington Post in the Watergate scandal is perhaps the most resounding example. Institute of Data Science, Faculty of Engineering, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile, For example, the word court will be probably identified as a term if we are analyzing a corpus of legal documents. We annotated the 26ers political alignment using information extracted from Wikipedia, the official web site of the news outlet or the political alignment known for their owners. This makes it possible to explore the behavior and interactions of personal and institutional accounts, developing and testing social theories at a scale never seen before. Contributed equally to this work with: We also conducted a survey, of which the results confirm that political bias in newspapers has an impact on how controversial topics are covered and that the general audience does notice this bias. We treat every tweet as an independent document from which we can extract a statement. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0193765, Editor: Dante R. Chialvo, Data curation, Our database contains 399 active accounts. We manually classified this training set in four groups: Agree, Maybe, Disagree and Out of topic (Not relevant). The specific roles of these authors are articulated in the ‘author contributions’ section. hashtags (#) and mentions (@)) that help to give semantic to the text. Yes Other authors assume a certain leaning by contacts association [18]. Through this model they calculate, for each user, a ranking of the likelihood that they prefer a political party over another. La Tercera (latercera), is owned by Copesa S.A., which is El Mercurio’s closest competitor. Other possible factors that might contribute to the observed tendency are the unavoidable bias introduced by the quiz itself and the presented methodology. A low value in this score indicates that this outlet tends to mention with relatively high frequency entities with a conservative leaning and/or it tends to ignore those with a more liberal view. Even though relative differences in bias between news outlets can be observed, public awareness of the bias of the media landscape as a whole appears to be limited by the political space defined by the news that we receive as a population. 2. The relatively low impact of leaving out data in the positioning process indicates that the results are not very sensitive to change and not influenced by only a small number of tweets. We found that the nature of the bias is reflected in the vocabulary used and the entities mentioned by different news outlets. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0193765.t005. TPP will open doors for more than 1.600 Chilean products not included in existing agreements). To describe such tendencies, we use tweets to automatically compute a news outlet’s political and socio-economic orientation. For average readers, though, it is very difficult and time-consuming to be aware or even find the bias of all media outlets, let alone quantify these biases and give them a total order in terms of the magnitude of the leaning. This implies that existing bias has a noticeable influence on how controversial issues such as abortion are reported in the media. We assign a 0 to the entities not included in our list. Un actor es una persona que interpreta un papel en la televisión, el cine, el teatro o la radio. Supervision, Although we carefully select the dataset to use in our experiments to achieve extensible results [22], we notice here that in our dataset, news outlets (which may be considered the participants of our studies), regularly talk about these controversial topics, and thus, it is possible to use traditional methods to find a political stand. The answers to the questions may be Agree, Maybe (or Don’t Know) or Disagree. We used, for each dimension, the scores of those news outlets for which we were able to answer at least one question on that dimension. therapeutic marihuana legalization, decriminalization of abortion, anti-xenophobic campaigns, promote voluntary enlistment of women to the military service, etc.). PEDOT:PSS is generally applied as a dispersion of gelled particles in water. Rank difference is used to identify terms that characterize a specific domain. We explore more in how a change in government may influence the media position in Section The influence of government orientation on the media landscape. Si algo pone a esta comedia en un lugar tan alto, es la interpretación de Jack Nicholson como el psicótico terapeuta que busca ayudar al personaje de Adam Sandler con sus problemas de ira. These percentage include the users that answered “I can’t tell”. It is worth noticing that an unbiased news outlet should be expected to score close to zero (because it should have mixed signals and, either a proportional number of user labeled in each direction or most users were unable to classify it). “project approved”—referring to the bill). Yes El Mercurio de Valparaiso shows again to be one of the most important representatives for the right. Remember that the Christian Democratic Party is part of the center-left coalition that was ruling in Chile during the observed period, and was generally in favor of the social changes promoted by the government. Telefónica R&D, Santiago, Chile, Affiliation Following the same reasoning, an outlet with a very low score can be understood as an outlet that uses predominantly negative words with relatively high frequency. To calculate τ(bigram) we use a formula equivalent to that shown in Eq 2. In other words, some bias is inherent to the media, but how biased they are (and on what direction they lean) will depend upon a comparison to other media in the same context. Among others Herman and Chomsky [2] argue that political and doctrinal interests have penetrated the press at different stages of the news generation process, deliberately or accidental—for example through homophily effects. Building upon the PolQuiz results, we investigated the nature of this political bias and found this to exist in the chosen vocabulary and the entities covered by the newspaper. In [16, 23], the authors also follow a propagation strategy to compute the political preference of Twitter users, but using Congress members as the initially tagged users.
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