", "A consistent opponent of immigration: Le Pen based appeal on fears about crime", http://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/2019/01/16/01002-20190116ARTFIG00326-le-rn-abandonne-la-sortie-de-l-euro.php, "France's Le Pen wants France, Greece, Spain to ditch euro", "French far-right leader Marine Le Pen affirms support of Israel", "€40m of Russian cash will allow Marine Le Pen's Front National to take advantage of rivals' woes in upcoming regional and presidential elections", "UKRAINE. [171], The party's ideology has been broadly described by scholars, including James Shields, Nonna Mayer, Jean-Yves Camus, Nicolas Lebourg and Michel Winock as nationalist, far-right (or Nouvelle droite) and populist. He instead made an unambiguous commitment to popular capitalism, and started espousing an extremely market liberal and anti-statist programme. However, 8 deputies were elected (6 FN and 2 affiliated), the best number for the FN in a parliamentary election using a majoritarian electoral system since its creation (proportional representation was used in the 1986 elections). [237] The party also has ties to Steve Bannon, who served as White House Chief Strategist under President Donald Trump. [86], For the 1986 legislative elections the FN took advantage of a new proportional representation system that had been imposed by Mitterrand in order to moderate a foreseeable defeat for his PS. [65][66] For the first election for the European Parliament in 1979, the PFN had become part of an attempt to build a "Euro-Right" alliance of European far-right parties, and was in the end the only one of the two that contested the election. Le Pen by the centrist Emmanuel Macron in last year’s presidential election. [81] Notably, the election used proportional representation and was considered to have a low level of importance by the public, which played to the party's advantage. [232] Pursuing her de-demonisation policy, in October 2011, Marine Le Pen, as new president of the National Front, joined the European Alliance for Freedom (EAF). Vous ne pouvez lire Le Monde que sur un seul appareil à la fois (ordinateur, téléphone ou tablette). Aucun des six candidats issus du monde ouvrier n’a obtenu de siège. [63] A radical group split off in 1980 and founded the French Nationalist Party, dismissing the FN as becoming too Zionist and Le Pen as the "puppet" of the Jews. RFI English, Marine Le Pen's Protectionist Economics and Social Conservatism, Movement for a Europe of Nations and Freedom, Fédération d'action nationale et européenne, Association for the Defence of the Memory of Marshal Pétain, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Rally&oldid=1013523822, Member parties of the Identity and Democracy Party, Articles with French-language sources (fr), CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2020, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Marine took over as the president of the party in 2011 and contested the, This page was last edited on 22 March 2021, at 02:03. On peut difficilement faire mieux. [140] The party regained some of its strength from 1999, earning 9.8% of the vote and seven seats. The National Front denounces anti-Russian feelings in Eastern Europe and the submission of Western Europe to NATO's interests in the region. A l’arrivée, ils ne sont plus que 35 % et laissent ainsi plus d’espace aux anciens du parti : la moitié des membres du conseil adhèrent au FN depuis au moins 2003. Jean-Marie Le Pen founded the party and was its leader until his resignation in 2011. [29], Formerly Eurosceptic, the new National Rally changed policies in 2019, deciding to campaign for a reform of the EU rather than leaving it and to keep the Euro as the main currency of France (together with the Pacific Franc for some collectivities). [144][145] She sought to transform the FN into a mainstream party by softening its xenophobic image. Lecture du Monde en cours sur un autre appareil. [225], An undercover investigation by Al Jazeera uncovered links between high-ranking National Rally figures and Generation Identity, a far-right group. and in 1987 referred to the Nazi gas chambers as "a point of detail of the history of the Second World War". [246], The party had five vice presidents between July 2012 and March 2018 (against three previously). [50] Otherwise, its official program at this point was relatively moderate, differing little from the mainstream right. [86] The RPR depended on FN support to win presidencies in some regional councils, and the FN won vice-presidential posts in four regions. Since 2010, the party's support seems to have increased towards its former heights. For the 2012 presidential election, opinion polls showed Marine Le Pen as a serious challenger, with a few polls even suggesting that she could win the first round of the election. Entretien en 10 questions avec le professeur Shematsi. [76] The next month, Le Pen was for the first time invited onto a prime-time television interview programme, which he himself later deemed "the hour that changed everything". Rejoignez notre organisation et travaillons pour faire avancer la République Démocratique du Congo. Avec 56 % de cadres et professions intellectuelles supérieures contre 17,8 % dans la population active française, le conseil national souffre d’un manque de représentativité. [174][175] At the same time, its message has increasingly influenced mainstream political parties,[175][176] although the FN too has moved somewhat closer towards the centre-right. [223] Since November 2014, she insists that if a French bank agrees to give her a loan, she would break her contract with the FCBR, but she has not received any other counter-propositions. [36], Espousing France's Catholic and monarchist traditions, one of the primary progenitors of the party was the Action Française, founded at the end of the 19th century, and its descendants in the Restauration Nationale, a pro-monarchy group that supports the claim of the Count of Paris to the French throne. [141] Twenty permanent employees of the FN were also dismissed in 2008. [219], In November 2014, Marine Le Pen confirmed that the party had received a €9 million loan from the First Czech Russian Bank (FCRB) in Moscow to the National Front. Having failed to cooperate in the European Parliament, Le Pen sought in the mid-1990s to initiate contacts with other far-right parties, including from non-EU countries. Sur ses affiches de campagne, la formation politique imprime une flamme tricolore, symbole inspiré du MSI, un parti fasciste italien. The party appeared to have suffered from the demobilisation of its voters from the previous vote. [86], Le Pen's campaign for the upcoming presidential election unofficially began in the months following the 1986 election. Following this election, the party's support mostly ranged from around 10 to 15%, although it saw a drop to around 5% in some late 2000s elections. [109], The FN won an absolute majority (and thus the mayorship) in three cities in the 1995 municipal elections: Toulon, Marignane, and Orange. [124] Support for the parties was almost equal in the 1999 European election, as the FN polled its lowest national score since 1984 with just 5.7%, and the MNR won 3.3%. [53][54] The move towards the mainstream cost it many leading members and much of its militant base. The party's 4.3% support was the lowest score since the 1981 election and only one candidate, Marine Le Pen in Pas de Calais, reached the runoff (where she was defeated by the Socialist incumbent). [94] Le Pen's presidential campaign was highly successful; no candidates came close to rival his ability to excite audiences at rallies and boost ratings at television appearances. Pour soutenir le travail de toute une rédaction, nous vous proposons de vous abonner. [181], Since the 1999 split, the FN has cultivated a more moderate image on immigration and Islam, no longer calling for the systematic repatriation of legal immigrants but still supporting the deportation of illegal, criminal or unemployed immigrants. [120] While Bruno Mégret and Bruno Gollnisch, in an unusual display of dissent, favoured tactical cooperation with a weakened centre-right following the left's victory, Le Pen rejected any such compromise. She sees no other solution for peace in Ukraine than to organise a kind of federation that would allow each region to have a large degree of autonomy. Il en manquait donc un. L’information a été confirmée ce jeudi 7 janvier par Me. [240] Apart from the party's membership in the Identity and Democracy parliamentary group and the Identity and Democracy Party, the RN also has contacts with Giorgia Meloni's Brothers of Italy,[241] Krasimir Karakachanov's IMRO – Bulgarian National Movement,[242] and Santiago Abascal's Vox in Spain. In the 2012 legislative election, the National Front won two seats: Gilbert Collard and Marion Maréchal. [202][221] The Independent said the loans "take Moscow's attempt to influence the internal politics of the EU to a new level. [188] As the party gained growing support from the economically vulnerable, it converted towards politics of social welfare and economic protectionism. [85] In the 1984 European elections, eleven of the 81 FN candidates came from these parties, and the party's list also included an Arab and a Jew (although in unwinnable positions). While some of these cities were in southern France (like Fréjus) which traditionally votes more for right-wing parties than the rest of the country, others were located in northern France, where Socialist Party was strong until 2010s. These electoral defeats partly accounted for the party's financial problems. The FN adopted a French version of the MSI tricolour flame as its logo. )[111] Le Pen then declared that his party would implement its "national preference" policy, with the risk of provoking the central government and being at odds with the laws of the Republic. [168][169][170], In January 2019, ex-Sarkozy minister Thierry Mariani and former conservative lawmaker Jean-Paul Garraud, left Les Republicains (LR), joining the National Rally. [105] By the early 1990s, some mainstream politicians began employing anti-immigration rhetoric. Onze membres qui avaient soumis leur candidature aux votes … Marine Le Pen has successfully introduced a neo-populist shift in the defense of women, gays, and Jews against a "phallocratic, homophobic, and anti-Semitic Islam". [58] The campaign further lost ground when the Revolutionary Communist League published a denunciation of Le Pen's alleged involvement in torture during his time in Algeria. The EAF has individual members linked to the Austrian Freedom Party of Heinz-Christian Strache, the UK Independence Party, and other movements such as the Sweden Democrats, Vlaams Belang (Belgian Flanders), Germany (Bürger in Wut), and Slovakia (Slovak National Party). [238][239], In 2017, Marine Le Pen met with and was interviewed for the British radio station LBC by former UK Independence Party leader Nigel Farage, who had previously been critical of the FN. Les Francs-maçons aussi. In secretly taped conversations, National Rally leaders endorsed goals of Generation Identity and discussed plans to "remigrate" immigrants, effectively sending them back to their countries of origin, if National Rally came to power. Onze membres qui avaient soumis leur candidature aux votes des adhérents ont finalement obtenu leur siège par nomination directe de la présidente. Since inception the party has been primarily an anti-immigration party, advocating significant cuts to legal immigration. His presidential campaign in 1965 was managed by Jean-Marie Le Pen. La constitution du conseil national fait la part belle aux candidats les plus expérimentés en politique. [97] Following some anti-Semitic comments made by Le Pen and the FN newspaper National Hebdo in the late 1980s, some valuable FN politicians left the party. During Jean-Marie Le Pen's presidency, the party has also been active in establishing extra-parliamentary confederations. [183], In November 2015, Front National stated as its goal to have a net legal immigration rate (immigrants minus emigrants) of 10,000 in France per year. [76] In January 1984, the party made its first appearance in a monthly poll of political popularity, in which 9% of respondents held a "positive opinion" of the FN and some support for Le Pen.
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