Literary prizes, Molière • Racine • It is likely that his education commenced with studies at a Parisian elementary school,[13] followed by his enrolment in the prestigious Jesuit Collège de Clermont, where he completed his studies in a strict academic environment and got a first taste of life on the stage.[14]. Les Femmes savantes (The Learned Ladies) of 1672 is considered another of Molière's masterpieces. 15 mai : le prince de Conti écrit de Lyon à son confesseur Gabriel de Ciron : «  Il y a des comédiens ici qui portaient mon nom autrefois. Marquise was courted, in vain, by Pierre Corneille and later became the lover of Jean Racine. Sa mort, le 17 février 1673, entraîne un bouleversement de la vie théâtrale à Paris. This page was last edited on 29 April 2020, at 02:24. When the Petit Bourbon was demolished in 1660 to make way for the eastern expansion of the Louvre, Molière's troupe was allowed to use the abandoned Théâtre du Palais-Royal. In June 1643, when Molière was 21, he decided to abandon his social class and pursue a career on the stage. Molière's works continued to garner positive feedback in 18th-century England, but they were not so warmly welcomed in France at this time. His extant works include comedies, farces, tragicomedies, comédie-ballets and more. [20] During the comédies-ballets, Molière collaborated with Pierre Beauchamp. The company's repertoire was not mainly comic. In 1659, its first full year based in Paris, it put on (grouped by genre) the following plays, seemingly its provincial repertoire too: It is notable there are more tragedies than comedies in the repertoire. Sa mort, le 17 février 1673, entraîne un bouleversement de la vie théâtrale à Paris. Du 16 décembre au 21 mars suivant, les États de Languedoc se tiennent à Montpellier, présidés par le comte de Bioules. Molière's friendship with Jean-Baptiste Lully influenced him towards writing his Le Mariage forcé and La Princesse d'Élide (subtitled as Comédie galante mêlée de musique et d'entrées de ballet), written for royal "divertissements" at the Palace of Versailles. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed at the Comédie-Française more often than those of any other playwright today. Il avait passé le carnaval à Grenoble, d'où il partit après Pâques, et vint s'établir à Rouen[17]. This friendship later ended when Armand, having contracted syphilis from a courtesan, turned toward religion and joined Molière's enemies in the Parti des Dévots and the Compagnie de Saint Sacrement. Under French law at the time, actors were not allowed to be buried in the sacred ground of a cemetery. After a period of refurbishment they opened there on 20 January 1661. In 1672, Madeleine Béjart died, and Molière suffered from this loss and from the worsening of his own illness. 13 juin 1665 : la troupe de Monsieur est mandée à Versailles pour y jouer La Coquette ou Le Favori, tragi-comédie de Marie-Catherine Desjardins qu'elle donne au Palais-Royal sans grand succès depuis quelques semaines. He primarily mocks the Académie Française, a group created by Richelieu under a royal patent to establish the rules of the fledgling French theatre. Les très rares documents concernant sa troupe donnent à penser que pendant cette période elle a fait de Lyon son centre de rayonnement. His son assumed the same posts in 1641. ». So far he had followed his father's plans, which had served him well; he had mingled with nobility at the Collège de Clermont and seemed destined for a career in office. Mais ils n'y jouent pas en tant que « troupe du prince de Conti ». 20th century • Contemporary, Francophone literature Entre 1659 et 1667, la « troupe de Monsieur » donnera vingt-trois représentations de sa tragédie la plus célèbre, Armand de Bourbon (1629-1666 ; prince de) Auteur du texte, Préface non signée, mais dont l'un des auteurs est assurément le comédien, Lequel n'est autre que le comédien et dramaturge, On ignore quelles furent les deux pièces jouées ce jour-là. Gaines 2002, p. 383 (birthdate); Scott 2000, p. 14 (names). [16], Despite his own preference for tragedy, which he had tried to further with the Illustre Théâtre, Molière became famous for his farces, which were generally in one act and performed after the tragedy. [15] The title required only three months' work and an initial cost of 1,200 livres; the title paid 300 livres a year and provided a number of lucrative contracts. In 1660 the Petit-Bourbon was demolished to make way for the eastern expansion of the Louvre, but Molière's company was allowed to move into the abandoned theatre in the east wing of the Palais-Royal. [4] His influence is such that the French language is often referred to as the "language of Molière". (She may have been her illegitimate daughter with the Duke of Modena.) Fortunately, he was dead wrong. His extant works include comedies, farces, tragicomedies, comédie-ballets and more. According to Cronyn, he mentioned to Olivier that he (Cronyn) was about to play the title role in The Miser, and that Olivier then responded "Molière? This was the so-called Guerre comique (War of Comedy), in which the opposite side was taken by writers like Donneau de Visé, Edmé Boursault, and Montfleury. He then asked Fiorillo to teach him the techniques of Commedia dell'arte. In 1661, Molière introduced the comédies-ballets in conjunction with Les Fâcheux. ), soit encore chez des particuliers (ministres, gens d'affaires, grands seigneurs). In order to please his patron, Monsieur, who was so enthralled with entertainment and art that he was soon excluded from state affairs, Molière wrote and played Dom Garcie de Navarre ou Le Prince jaloux (The Jealous Prince, 4 February 1661), a heroic comedy derived from a work of Cicognini's. Et lisant souvent avec lui les plus beaux endroits et les plus délicats des comédies tant anciennes que modernes, il prenait plaisir à les lui faire exprimer naïvement, de sorte qu’il y avait peu de personnes qui pussent mieux juger d’une pièce de théâtre que ce prince. Molière's company was the theatrical company which formed around Molière from 1648 onwards, when he was performing in the French provinces after the failure of the Illustre Théâtre in 1645. […]. [en marge : Nota que les 300 livres n'ont pas été payées.] Au cours de l'été […]. Autant les douze années de province (1646-1658) sont peu ou mal documentées, autant les quatorze années parisiennes qui leur font suite le sont abondamment et précisément. Sur une scène dressée dans la salle des gardes du vieux Louvre, elle donne Nicomède, tragédie de Pierre Corneille, puis Le Docteur amoureux, « petite comédie » de Molière qui n'a pas été conservée[21]. Plautus and Terence), especially the trope of the clever slave/servant.[18]. Short story writers, Naturalism • Symbolism [5][6], Born into a prosperous family and having studied at the Collège de Clermont (now Lycée Louis-le-Grand), Molière was well suited to begin a life in the theatre. It is said that soon thereafter Molière became angry with Racine when he was told that he had secretly presented his tragedy to the company of the Hôtel de Bourgogne as well. But it was a commercial flop, forcing Molière to immediately write Le médecin malgré lui (The Doctor Despite Himself), a satire against the official sciences. Molière was born (and died) in the heart of Paris. The King agreed and Molière's body was buried in the part of the cemetery reserved for unbaptised infants. 20th-century scholars have carried on this interest in Molière and his plays and have continued to study a wide array of issues relating to this playwright. These entertainments led Jean-Baptiste Colbert to demand the arrest of Fouquet for wasting public money, and he was condemned to life imprisonment.[19]. Ayant signé le fameux acte de renonciation à la profession de comédienne, elle avait pu recevoir les derniers sacrements, et elle est inhumée chrétiennement, le 19, à côté de sa mère, Marie Hervé, sous les charniers de l'église Saint-Paul. Madeleine Jurgens et Elizabeth Maxfield-Miller. Molière is considered the creator of modern French comedy. En décembre, la troupe joue à Narbonne. Du 24 octobre au 14 janvier suivant, les États de Languedoc se tiennent à Pézenas, présidés par le comte de Bioules. Two other comedies of the same year were the successful L'École des maris (The School for Husbands) and Les Fâcheux, subtitled Comédie faite pour les divertissements du Roi (a comedy for the King's amusements) because it was performed during a series of parties that Nicolas Fouquet gave in honor of the sovereign. In the course of his travels he met Armand, Prince of Conti, the governor of Languedoc, who became his patron, and named his company after him. He was awarded the title of Troupe de Monsieur (Monsieur being the honorific for the king's brother Philippe I, Duke of Orléans). It describes a kind of round dance where two couples believe that each of their partners has been betrayed by the other's and is the first in Molière's "Jealousy series", which includes Dom Garcie de Navarre, L'École des maris and L'École des femmes. The latter theatre had originally been built by Cardinal Richelieu in 1641. Critics La troupe se produit dans ce cadre pour un ensemble des représentations qui lui seront payées 4 000 livres, dont Molière donne quittance le 17 décembre au trésorier de la bourse de Languedoc. The Académie preached unity of time, action, and styles of verse. For other uses, see. However, Molière's widow, Armande, asked the King if her spouse could be granted a normal funeral at night. Molière, now ill, wrote less. Afterwards he collapsed again with another, larger haemorrhage before being taken home, where he died a few hours later, without receiving the last rites because two priests refused to visit him while a third arrived too late. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Molière%27s_company&oldid=953793982, Articles to be expanded from January 2009, Articles needing translation from French Wikipedia, Articles with empty sections from July 2010, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. [7], Through the patronage of aristocrats including Philippe I, Duke of Orléans—the brother of Louis XIV—Molière procured a command performance before the King at the Louvre. Les Précieuses Ridicules was the first of Molière's many attempts to satirize certain societal mannerisms and affectations then common in France. En décembre, Molière et ses camarades se produisent à Béziers, où les États de Languedoc ont été ouverts le 17 novembre par le comte de Bioules, lieutenant général du roi pour le Bas-Languedoc[14]. [10] His mother was the daughter of a prosperous bourgeois family. Stendhal • Flaubert Because they were under the patronage of Philippe, Molière's troupe was called the “troupe de Monsieur,” the Monsieur's troupe. Molière reached Paris in 1658 and performed in front of the King at the Louvre (then for rent as a theatre) in Corneille's tragedy Nicomède and in the farce Le Docteur Amoureux with some success. Tartuffe, ou L'Imposteur was also performed at Versailles, in 1664, and created the greatest scandal of Molière's artistic career. [20] Beauchamp codified the five balletic positions of the feet and arms and was partly responsible for the creation of the Beauchamp-Feuillet dance notation. Il existe, sur cette période, un témoignage particulièrement intéressant et très rarement cité, celui de l'abbé Joseph de Voisin, l'un des aumôniers du prince. The theatre troupe went bankrupt in 1645. […] Louis XIV prend la troupe sous sa protection directe. 16th century • 17th century La troupe est composée de dix parts égales, auxquelles s'ajoutent les deux livres journalières d'un gagiste[19]. Entre 1646 et l'été 1658, cette troupe, dont la composition connaîtra des variations qu'il est difficile de décrire avec précision, et dont le répertoire, à quelques titres près, nous est inconnu, parcourra avec un succès grandissant une bonne partie du royaume (l'Anjou, le Poitou, la Guyenne, le Languedoc, le Dauphiné et la Bourgogne). Cependant, le roi, à qui la troupe avait le bonheur de plaire, fut gratifiée par Sa Majesté de la salle du Palais-Royal, Monsieur l’ayant demandée pour réparer le tort qu’on avait fait à ses comédiens, et le sieur de Ratabon reçut un ordre exprès de faire les grosses réparations de la salle du Palais-Royal. Some of these farces were only partly written, and were played in the style of Commedia dell'arte with improvisation over a canovaccio (a vague plot outline). Playwrights • However, during the French Restoration of the 19th century, Molière's comedies became popular with both the French public and the critics. However, the king expressed support for the author, granting him a pension and agreeing to be the godfather of Molière's first son. These people accused Molière of having married his daughter. The French 1978 film simply titled Molière directed by Ariane Mnouchkine and starring Philippe Caubère presents his complete biography. Molière therefore decided to combine the ballet and the play so that his goal could be met while the performers catch their breath and change costume. Son séjour dans cette ville se prolongera au moins qu'à la mi-janvier suivante. 23 avril : la « troupe du sieur Dufresne » arrive à Nantes, où elle séjournera jusqu'au début de l'été. This was a success despite a moral treatise by the Prince of Conti, criticizing the theatre in general and Molière in particular. It was a strange work, derived from a work by Tirso de Molina and rendered in a prose that still seems modern today. The most noteworthy are L'Étourdi ou les Contretemps (The Bungler) and Le Docteur Amoureux (The Doctor in Love); with these two plays, Molière moved away from the heavy influence of the Italian improvisational Commedia dell'arte, and displayed his talent for mockery. It is widely accepted that the plot was based on Samuel Chappuzeau's Le Cercle des Femmes of 1656. Caldicott, « Les Séjours de Molière en Languedoc ». De la troupe de Molière à la Comédie-Française, « la troupe du roi en son hôtel de la rue Guénégaud », Louis Merle, « Molière à Nantes et en Bretagne », dans. Jean-Baptiste Poquelin (15 January 1622 (baptised) – 17 February 1673), known by his stage name Molière (UK: /ˈmɒliɛər, ˈmoʊl-/, US: /moʊlˈjɛər, ˌmoʊliˈɛər/,[1][2][3] French: [mɔljɛʁ]), was a French playwright, actor, and poet, widely regarded as one of the great writers in the French language and universal literature. Taking leave of his father, he joined the actress Madeleine Béjart, with whom he had crossed paths before, and founded the Illustre Théâtre with 630 livres. [8], Despite the adulation of the court and Parisians, Molière's satires attracted criticism from churchmen. C.E.J. After Molière's death in 1673, his widow Armande Béjart and the actor La Grange kept the remnants of the company together, merging with the players from the Théâtre du Marais and moving to the Théâtre de Guénégaud. Aucun document ne subsiste concernant les activités de la troupe au cours de cette année. Le 2 novembre 1659, premier anniversaire de ses débuts au Petit-Bourbon, la troupe donne la première représentation de la « petite comédie » des Précieuses ridicules de Molière. Le Sicilien ou L'Amour peintre was written for festivities at the castle of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, and was followed in 1668 by Amphitryon, inspired both by Plautus' work of the same name and Jean Rotrou's successful reconfiguration of the drama. ». This view is also evident in his later works and was a source of inspiration for many later authors, including (in a different field and with different effect) Luigi Pirandello. Les représentations se succèdent sans interruption, soit dans cette salle devant le public de la Ville, soit devant la Cour, dans les résidences royales (le Louvre, Fontainebleau, Saint-Germain, Versailles, Chambord, etc. Ayant fait paraître, en 1667, le Traité de la Comédie et des spectacles, selon la tradition de l'Église tirée des Conciles et des Saints Pères[12], que son défunt maître avait composé vers la fin de sa vie, il lui donnera, cinq ans plus tard, un prolongement dans une volumineuse Défense, où il évoque les rapports presque amicaux qui s'étaient établis entre le futur dévot membre de la Compagnie du Saint-Sacrement et le futur auteur du Tartuffe et du Festin de Pierre[13] : « Monseigneur le prince de Conti avait eu en sa jeunesse tant de passion pour la comédie qu’il entretint longtemps à sa suite une troupe de comédiens, afin de goûter avec plus de douceur le plaisir de ce divertissement ; et ne se contentant pas de voir les représentations du théâtre, il conférait souvent avec le chef de leur troupe, qui est le plus habile comédien de France, de ce que leur art a de plus excellent et de plus charmant.
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